Research

The paper presents a novel method for processing information with a spatial component or querying geospatial databases. It proposes an interactive toponym disambiguation method tailored especially for dialogue systems and chatbots. The method exploits the interactive nature of dialogues to resolve ambiguity by using dialogue clarification techniques, i.e., asking users for additional information to perform disambiguation. The paper evaluates different questioning strategies and methods for selecting suitable toponym features to formulate disambiguation questions. A novel Equi-population partitioning method for selecting suitable toponym features in questions is presented as an approach outperforming other compared methods.

Muroň, Mikuláš — Dařena, František — Procházka, David — Kern, Roman User-Driven Toponym Disambiguation Using Dialogue. 2024. Journal of Map & Geography Libraries. 19(3), 198–219. ISSN 1542-0353. https://doi.org/10.1080/15420353.2024.2363212

This chapter explores the evolution of virtual environments in the Metaverse. It examines historical shifts in technology adoption, comparing the gradual acceptance of electricity in the industry and the spread of the Internet to the current development of the Metaverse. The role of open standards in the proliferation of new technologies is highlighted, along with the limitations of solutions that do not adhere to these standards. Emphasizing the importance of thinking beyond traditional paradigms, the chapter argues that simply transferring existing solutions to new platforms often fails to deliver the expected user experience. Therefore, it advocates for innovative approaches that enhance user experience and foster new forms of digital interaction within Metaverse services. Additionally, the chapter examines the transformative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gaming preferences, highlighting the rise of games that emphasize creativity and collaboration over competition. We argue that the pandemic was a key driver that forced developers to rethink current design approaches. By analyzing these trends, the chapter provides insights into how virtual environments reshape social interaction and entertainment.

Procházka, David. Open standards: Design cornerstones of the Metaverse. 2025. In: Human-Centered Metaverse: Concepts, Methods, and Applications . New York: Elsevier Science Inc., 129–140. ISBN 978-0-443-21996-2.

Every larger organisation must establish a set of normative documents to control its processes and describe solutions to common problems. These documents are usually formally written and hard to read. This leads to the necessity of different customer services. Nowadays, a lot of companies are developing chatbots to automate first-line customer support. If a company does not have a large question-answer dataset to build a chatbot, the answers can be automatically answered directly from the documents. However, we found that the automatic answering usually does not work well on the normative documents. In this paper, we describe a novel method for preprocessing of normative documents in order to use them for such automatic question answering. Our method efficiently exploits the strict document structure that is typical for normative documents. We increased the recall from 35% to 84% (for paragraph-size answers) on selected normative documents from university and bank domains.

Pisařovic, Ivo — Dařena, František — Procházka, David — Janiš, Vít
Preprocessing of Normative Documents for Interactive Question Answering. Expert Systems with Applications. 2022. v. 191, no. 1 April, ISSN 0957-4174. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.116314

Current possibilities of accessing business data by regular users usually involve complicated user interfaces or require technical expertise. This results in situations when business owners are separated from their data. The aim of this research is to apply an innovative approach leveraging conversational interfaces to tackle this problem.

The authors examine the current possibilities of accessing business data by business, users with an emphasis on conversational interfaces employing a chatbot as an alternative to traditional approaches. The authors propose a new concept relying on a guided conversation, and through experiments with a real chatbot and database, the authors demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach.

The authors found out that the key to the success of our approach is a decomposition of complex database queries and their incremental construction in conversations. This also enables natural discovery of the domain model through constantly provided feedback. Based on the experiments with a real chatbot, the authors demonstrate that defining conversation flows and maintaining the conversation context is a crucial aspect contributing to the overall accuracy, together with keeping the conversation within the defined limits in its certain parts.

The authors present a novel approach using natural language interfaces for accessing data by business users. In contrast to existing approaches, the authors emphasize incremental construction of queries, predefined conversation flows and constraining the conversations, when necessary.

Kostelník, Pavel — Dařena, František Conversational interfaces for unconventional access to business relational data structures, Data Technologies and Applications. 2021. ISSN 2514-9288. URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/DTA-03-2021-0062.

Oases are vulnerable ecosystems that are affected by climate change. Using high-resolution climate models focusing on northern Africa, we investigate the changes in the agrosystems of oases. Projected air temperature changes under an extreme global warming scenario are statistically significant for all oases studied, with an increase of up to 4–4.5 °C by the end of the century. The impact of the projected warming is likely to lead to an increased groundwater demand, with a parallel trend in reduced precipitation. Combined, these processes endanger the long-term socio-economic prospect of oases.

Leal Filho, Walter – Stojanov, Robert – Matsoukas, Christos – Ingrosso, Roberto – Franke, James A – Pausata, Francesco S R – Grassi, Tommaso – Landa, Jaromír – Harrouni, Cherif An assessment of climate change impacts on oases in northern Africa. 2024. Ecological Indicators. 166(September), ISSN 1470-160X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112287

For the last several decades, low-elevation islands have been highlighted as being at the forefront of facing the impact of creeping environmental changes, notably from human-caused climate change. The islands’ low elevation, including in the Indian Ocean, has led to considering migration due to coastal erosion, sea-level rise, acidifying oceans, salinity intrusion, and changes in monsoon patterns and hence rainfall. Maldives is experiencing such creeping environmental changes which are often stated as being key factors affecting Maldivian society, livelihoods, and futures. Evidence from Maldivians, however, is that they perceive future sea-level rise to be a serious challenge at the national level, but rarely accept it as a local difficulty requiring action. Migration from their islands to other countries might be a potential option, especially when combined with other reasons for relocating, but they generally prefer to stay and adjust to all ongoing changes. Within this context, this paper reports field research from August 2013 in the capital Malé and nearby residential islands, using qualitative interviews with fifteen local experts. The results suggest that, besides a set of actually experienced changes, creeping environmental changes are perceived as being one of the important factors affecting Maldivian society and livelihoods. The results and interpretation, including in the context of major changes from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, identify some dissonance in understandings of possible impacts and resultant actions, in terms of recognising what might happen to the country yet not fully considering the action-related implications.

Stojanov, Robert – Kelman, Ilan Local Expert Perceptions of Creeping Environmental Changes and Responses in Maldives. 2023. In: Migration in South Asia: IMISCOE Regional Reader. IMISCOE Research Series. Cham: Springer Switzerland, 173–185. ISBN 978-3-031-34193-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34194-6_12

This article offers an exploratory analysis of experts’ perceptions of securitization of immigration in the Czech Republic and its impact on Czech migration policy in the aftermath of the 2015–2016 European “migration crisis.” Our findings indicate that the interviewed experts’ perceptions correspond more to the logic of the exception than the routine: the importance of day-to-day management is less frequently emphasized than the elite-level security-oriented discourses and their acceptance by the Czech public. Our respondents also identify the relative stability and continuity of the Czech migration policy as a positive repercussion of securitization.

Bureš, Oldřich – Stojanov, Robert Securitization of Immigration in the Czech Republic and Its Impact on the Czech Migration Policy: Experts’ Perceptions. 2023. Problems of Post-Communism. 70(6), 679–689. ISSN 1075-8216.

As climate migration has garnered the interest of research and policy communities over the last two decades, the focus has been on whether, how and where climate stresses might precipitate out-migration, and how to assist and protect those affected. Less attention has gone to the places that receive climate migrants, and how their arrival might affect adaptation at destination. Against the backdrop of increasingly severe climate disruptions, this paper examines the likelihood of climate-related movements going into urban areas, and the challenges that this may entail for those who move and for urban governance. With much of climate migration projected to feed into existing urbanization trends, we see the need for data and research to help bolster the agency of communities and cities to plan and act locally, and across geographies, for inclusion and resilience, and to advocate collectively for enabling policy frameworks and increased national and international support.

Rosengärtner, Sarah Katharina — De Sherbinin, Alexander M — Stojanov, Robert Supporting the agency of cities as climate migration destinations. 2023. International Migration. 61(5), 98–115. ISSN 0020-7985.

The entire cascade of scenario generation, global and regional climate modeling, as well as concrete measures towards climate adaptation are subject to uncertainties. An exact prediction of how the climate will change in the coming years, and how it will affect land use, is not possible. There is thus a perceived need to identify ways via which uncertainties can be addressed. Based on the need to address the research gap in this area, this paper reports the findings of a study on uncertainty in a climate change adaptation context, and how it is perceived. It consists of a multi-stakeholder survey among climate change professionals, including academic staff at universities, representatives from international agencies, members of NGOs, policymakers, and representatives of industry from 50 countries, including a balanced representation of industrialized and developing nations. The results obtained suggest that uncertainties are often a hindrance to engagement in climate change adaptation efforts, and to land management. Furthermore, there is a range of tools to reduce climate change adaptation uncertainties, whose deployment may help to address them. The paper concludes by providing a list of lessons learned and suggestions as to how uncertainty can be better communicated, and by doing so, how a reduction in the levels of climate change vulnerability may be achieved, and how land management may be fostered.

Leal Filho, Walter – Stojanov, Robert – Wolf, Franziska – Matandirotya, Newton R – Ploberger, Christian – Ayal, Desalegn Y – Azam, Fardous Mohammad Safiul – AL Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali – Sarku, Rebecca – Tchouaffe Tchiadje , Norbert François – Manolas, Evangelos – Li, Chunlan Assessing Uncertainties in Climate Change Adaptation and Land Management. 2022. Land. 11(12), ISSN 2073-445X.

This paper explores islanders’ hopes and fears for migration and non-migration, highlighting the role of the ocean. Migration, non-migration, hope, and fear are human conditions. To examine these conditions for islanders and oceans, this paper uses a qualitative evidence synthesis for collating and interpreting themes on the topic. Some types of hopes and fears, and a few reasons why they might emerge, are covered for islanders and ocean- related migration. Then, different ocean representations which islander migration and non- migration produces and portrays are presented. The conclusions question dichotomies and norms in the context of islander fears and hopes, as well as threats and opportunities, regarding ocean migrations.

Stojanov, Robert Climate migration. 2022. International Affairs Forum. (March), 56-57.

This paper offers an analysis of the Czech migration policy since the so-called European Union (EU) migration crisis in 2015 and its key instruments when it comes to migrant workers from third (non-EU) countries. On the basis of semi-structured interviews with 80 experts on various aspects of migration policymaking, we identified three key features of Czech migration policymaking: (i) perception of migration as a threat, (ii) orientation on temporary labour migration and (iii) lack of coherent and systematic conceptual approach towards migration. Jointly, these features explain a central paradox of the contemporary Czech migration policy: the contradiction between a strong anti-immigration political discourse and the actual numbers of immigrants that has been rising steadily. Similarly to other European countries, there has been a growing tendency towards selectiveness in Czech migration policy, manifested in recent instruments specifically focused on attracting highly qualified migrants. However, the selection criteria are mainly based on the country of origin, and the quotas for incoming migrants reflect the existing administrative capacities and short-term needs of the current Czech labour market for low- and middle-qualified professionals rather than long-term economic goals and demographic needs. Since the global economic recession (2008–2010), Czech migration policies have still not genuinely considered the fact that it is people, rather than just ‘labour’, who come to the Czech Republic.

Stojanov, Robert — Klvaňová, Radka — Seidlová, Aneta — Bureš, Oldřich Contemporary Czech migration policy: ‘Labour, not people’?. 2022. Population, Space and Place. 28(4), ISSN 1544-8444. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2533

Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs) are spatial instruments for conservation and managing different forms of ocean use. A multitude of ABMTs exists in marine areas within and beyond national jurisdiction, ranging from tools for the regulation of specific human activities (e.g. fisheries, shipping, or mining) to cross-sectoral tools (e.g. such as marine protected areas, MPAs, and marine spatial planning, MSP). By applying expert elicitation and reviewing scientific and grey literature we evaluate the contribution of ABMTs to sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out under the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including for SDG 14 that directly addresses the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources. We find that fisheries-related and conservation-related ABMTs, and MSP offer the greatest potential contributions to SDG 14 and to SDGs in general. Moreover, there is high complementarity and synergy among different ABMTs for most SDG 14 targets and other SDGs, with the exception of SDG target 14.6 Prohibit fisheries subsidies and SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy. We find that some ABMTs contribute directly to goal attainment, while others contribute in more nuanced or even unexpected ways. Furthermore, context-specific factors that relate to political and legal factors, enforceability, transparency, governance structure, and inclusivity are crucial for unlocking the full potential of ABMTs of attaining multiple SDGs, as shown through examples. The major challenge to face in the next decade is ensuring durable and equitable outcomes from ABMT implementation by coordinating ABMT initiatives established by different organisations and responsible authorities. It is also critical that outcomes are monitored and evaluated across environmental, social, economic, governance, and health dimensions, with indicators addressing management effectiveness and not only ABMT area coverage.

Gissi, Elena – Stojanov, Robert et al. Contributions of marine area-based management tools to the UN sustainable development goals. 2022. Journal of Cleaner Production. 330(1 January), ISSN 0959-6526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129910

Development cooperation actors have been addressing climate change as a cross-cutting issue and investing in climate adaptation projects since the early 2000s. More recently, as concern has risen about the potential impacts of climate variability and change on human mobility, development cooperation actors have begun to design projects that intentionally address the drivers of migration, including climate impacts on livelihoods. However, to date, we know little about the development cooperation’s role and function in responding to climate related mobility and migration. As such, the main aim of this paper is to outline the policy frameworks and approaches shaping development cooperation actors’ engagement and to identify areas for further exploration and investment. First, we frame the concept of climate mobility and migration and discuss some applicable policy frameworks that govern the issue from various perspectives; secondly, we review the toolbox of approaches that development cooperation actors bring to climate mobility; and third, we discuss the implications of the current Covid-19 pandemic and identify avenues for the way forward. We conclude that ensuring safe and orderly mobility and the decent reception and long-term inclusion of migrants and displaced persons under conditions of more severe climate hazards, and in the context of rising nationalism and xenophobia, poses significant challenges. Integrated approaches across multiple policy sectors and levels of governance are needed. In addition to resources, development cooperation actors can bring data to help empower the most affected communities and regions and leverage their convening power to foster more coordinated approaches within and across countries.

STOJANOV, R.; ROSENGAERTNER, S.; DE SHERBININ, A.; NAWROTZKI, R. (2021): Climate Mobility and Development Cooperation. Population and Environment.

This paper explores islanders’ hopes and fears for migration and non-migration, highlighting the role of the ocean. Migration, non-migration, hope, and fear are human conditions. To examine these conditions for islanders and oceans, this paper uses a qualitative evidence synthesis for collating and interpreting themes on the topic. Some types of hopes and fears, and a few reasons why they might emerge, are covered for islanders and ocean- related migration. Then, different ocean representations which islander migration and non- migration produces and portrays are presented. The conclusions question dichotomies and norms in the context of islander fears and hopes, as well as threats and opportunities, regarding ocean migrations.

KELMAN, I.; STOJANOV, R. (2021): Islander migrations and the oceans: From hopes to fears? Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 23-42.

This article offers an analysis of the first four years of functioning of Express Entry, a new on-line application management system to select skilled entrants for Canada’s key economic immigration programs leading to permanent residence. Based on interviews with 20 experts on Canadian immigration policies, we identified a number of strengths and weaknesses of the Canadian Express Entry system related to four areas: immigration policy making, processing of applications, selection of immigrants, and retention of immigrants. Since these areas are integral parts of immigration policies in all countries and Canada is a long-term leader in the design of points-based systems for selection of skilled immigrants, we also specify several lessons from the Canadian experience with the Express Entry system for other countries seeking to attract skilled immigrants.

BUREŠ, O.; KLVAŇOVÁ, R.; STOJANOV, R. (2020): Strengths and Challenges of Canadian Express Entry System: Experts’ Perceptions. Population and Development Review, 46(4): 787-812

Ocean acidification (OA) is a global problem with profoundly negative environmental, social and economic consequences. From a governance perspective, there is a need to ensure a coordinated effort to directly address it. This study reviews 90 legislative documents from 17 countries from the European Economic Area (EEA) and the UK that primarily border the sea. The primary finding from this study is that the European national policies and legislation addressing OA is at best uncoordinated. Although OA is acknowledged at the higher levels of governance, its status as an environmental challenge is greatly diluted at the European Union Member State level. As a notable exception within the EEA, Norway seems to have a proactive approach towards legislative frameworks and research aimed towards further understanding OA. On the other hand, there was a complete lack of, or inadequate reporting in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive by the majority of the EU Member States, with the exception of Italy and the Netherlands. We argue that the problems associated with OA and the solutions needed to address it are unique and cannot be bundled together with traditional climate change responses and measures. Therefore, European OA-related policy and legislation must reflect this and tailor their actions to mitigate OA to safeguard marine ecosystems and societies. A stronger and more coordinated approach is needed to build environmental, economic and social resilience of the observed and anticipated changes to the coastal marine systems.

GALDIES, C.; BELLERBY, R.; CANU, D.M.; CHEN, W.; LUQUE, E.G.; GASPAROVIC, B.; GODRIJAN, J.; LAWLOR, P.J.; MAES, F.; MALEJ, A.; PANAGIOTARAS, D.; MARTINEZ ROMERA, B.; REYMOND, C.E.; ROCHETTE, J.; SOLIDORO, C.; STOJANOV, R.; TILLER, R.; DE NORONHA, I.T.; UŚCINOWICZ, G.; VAIDIANU, N.; WALSH, C.; GUERRA, R. (2020):  European policies and legislation targeting ocean acidification in European Waters – current state. Marine Policy, 118, 103947, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103947.

The influence of climate change and perceptions of it on people’s migration decisions has received significant prominence, especially for people living on low-lying islands. To contribute to this literature, this paper uses Maldives as a case study for exploring the research question: How does climate change influence or not influence people’s migration decisions in Maldives? Previous work tends to start from a disciplinary climate change perspective, while this study combines migration, mobility, and island studies perspectives, within which climate change sits. As well, rather than focusing on the area around the capital, Malé, as with many previous studies, the 113 interviews here were conducted in eight islands across three atolls. The method was qualitative, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews using purposive sampling of ordinary people. Contrary to a view of islanders preparing to flee their islands as “climate change refugees”, the interviewees provided nuanced and varied responses. They rarely identified the potential of future impacts due to climate change as influencing their migration-related decisions. When migration was considered, it was chiefly internal movement seeking a better standard of living via improved services, better living conditions, and more job opportunities. If migration related to potential climate change impacts might happen, then it was assumed to be in the future for decisions then. This lack of influence of climate change-related perceptions on Maldivians’ migration decisions fits well within island mobilities studies, from which climate change perspectives could adopt wider contexts.

KELMAN, I.; ORLOWSKA, J.; UPADHYAY, U.; STOJANOV, R.; WEBERSIK, C.; SIMONELLI, A. C.; PROCHÁZKA, D.; NĚMEC, D.: (2019): Does Climate Change Influence People’s Migration Decisions in Maldives? Climatic Change. 153(1–2): 285–299.

Plastics is all the rage, and mitigating marine litter is topping the agenda for nations pushing issues such as ocean acidification, or even climate change, away from the public consciousness. We are personally directly affected by plastics and charismatic megafauna is dying from it, and it is something that appears to be doable. So, who cares about the issue of ocean acidification anymore? We all should. The challenge is dual in the fact that is both invisible to the naked eye and therefore not felt like a pressing issue to the public, thereby not reaching the top of the agenda of policy makers; but also that it is framed in the climate change narrative of fear – whereby it instills in a fight-or-flight response in the public, resulting in their avoidance of the issue because they feel they are unable to take action that have results. In this article, we argue that the effective global environmental governance of ocean acidification, though critical to address, mitigate against and adapt to, is hindered by the both this lack of perception of urgency in the general public, fueled by a lack of media coverage, as well as a fight-or-flight response resulting from fear. We compare this to the more media friendly and plastics problem that is tangible and manageable. We report on a media plots of plastics and ocean acidification coverage over time and argue that the issue needs to be detangled from climate change and framed as its own issue to reach the agenda at a global level, making it manageable to assess and even care about for policy makers and the public alike?

TILLER, R.; ARENAS, F.; GALDIES, C.; LEITAO, F.; MALEJ, A.; MARTINEZ ROMERA, B.; SOLIDORO, C.; STOJANOV, R.; TURK, V.; GUERRA, R. (2019): Who cares about ocean acidification in the Plasticene? Ocean and Coastal Management, 174: (170-180). DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.020